D2.188 - Spectrum of Sensitization to Respiratory Allergens in Patients in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Introduction. Allergic diseases represent a global public health problem, with prevalence increasing due to urbanization, climate change, and environmental factors. Central Asia is characterized by diverse conditions that shape specific sensitization profiles. ImmunoCAP diagnostics allow for detailed assessment of sensitization and optimization of personalized patient management.

Objective. To assess the epidemiology and profile of sensitization to respiratory allergens using molecular diagnostics in Kazakhstan.

Materials and Methods. From 2021 to 2024, a total of 4,745 patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis were examined using the ISAC panel. Descriptive statistics were applied, and allergen associations were analyzed using Pearson’s χ² test, taking into account sex, age, region, and temporal dynamics.

Results. During the study period, the median number of sensitizations increased more than sixfold, from 18.0 to 113.0. The most prevalent allergen was cat allergen (rFel d 1), accounting for 34.7% of all sensitizations. Pollen allergens (rPhl p 1, rBet v 1, and nArt v 1) consistently ranked second, with rates of 23.0%, 21.5%, and 22.8%, respectively. No significant gender or age differences were observed. Regional differences across all years were statistically significant (p = 0.001). Southern regions exhibited a mixed sensitization profile, predominantly rBet v 1 – 26.44%, rFel d 1 – 22.38%, rCor a 1.0101 – 18.02%, as well as rPhl p 1 – 17.36%, nCyn d 1 – 16.54%, nArt v 1 – 12.56%, and nAmb a 1 – 11.74%. The central-eastern macroregion showed a profile without dominant components: rDer p 23 – 2.52%, rBet v 1 – 1.34%, rPar j 2 – 1.29%, rPla l 1 – 1.19%, and nAmb a 1 – 1.09%. Northern regions were characterized by pronounced polysensitization, with high rates of rFel d 1 – 53.73%, nCyn d 1 – 44.21%, nArt v 1 – 42.55%, rBet v 1 – 42.22%, rPhl p 1 – 33.86%, rPhl p 12 – 26.41%, nSal k 1 – 33.36%, and rCor a 1.0101 – 32.12%. In Western Kazakhstan, sensitization to weed pollens predominated, primarily nSal k 1 – 46.01%, with high prevalence of nCup a 1 – 37.42%, nCyn d 1 – 28.83%, and rFel d 1 – 27.61%.

Conclusion. The results demonstrate pronounced regional heterogeneity of sensitization and a combination of European and Asian patterns, with a growing role of weed pollens, confirming the need for a regionally oriented, personalized molecular approach to the diagnosis of respiratory allergy.