D2.546 - Ethical Impact of Generative AI in Clinical Practice for Asthma and Allergy

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4, is transforming healthcare by enabling automated clinical documentation, patient education, and the synthesis of scientific evidence. In asthma and allergy care, these capabilities offer significant potential but raise ethical concerns, including hallucinations, lack of transparency, privacy risks, bias, and unclear responsibility. Understanding these implications is critical for safe integration.

A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature (2022-2025) analyzed generative AI in asthma and allergy care. Inclusion criteria focused on generative AI applications for the treatment of asthma and allergies, while exclusion criteria ruled out traditional machine learning and purely administrative uses.

The identified use cases include AI-assisted diagnosis, chatbots for patient education, and automated clinical documentation. Benefits include increased workflow efficiency, enhanced communication, and personalized education. However, several risks remain, including clinical hallucinations, data privacy violations, bias, opacity, and displacement of clinical authority. Short and mid-term scenarios range from regulated and supervised integration to negative outcomes related to unregulated tools and loss of trust.

Generative AI offers transformative opportunities for asthma and allergy care but introduces significant ethical challenges. Safe adoption requires robust human oversight, continuous validation, and clear governance. Implementation must prioritize transparency, security, equity, and professional responsibility. 

Funding 

Osvaldo Graña Castro has been funded by the ENIA International Chair "IA Generativa: Retos y Riesgos" (Generative AI: Challenges and Risks).